CertainNerve

Cincinnati, Society Of The

2005-04-05T21:02:00.000-07:00

Hereditary, military, and patriotic organization formed in May 1783 by officers who had served in the American Revolution. Its objectives were to promote union and national honour, maintain their war-born friendship, perpetuate the rights for which they had fought, and aid members and their families in case of need. The society took its name from the Roman citizen-soldier

Andrea Da Barberino

2005-04-04T21:46:00.000-07:00

The material for Andrea's prose compilation of Charlemagne legends, I reali di Francia (1491; “The Royalty of France,” modern edition by G. Vandelli, 1892–1900), was drawn for the most part from earlier Italian versions, though the author added much pseudohistorical material

Stifter, Adalbert

2005-04-04T13:41:00.000-07:00

Stifter was educated at the Kremsmünster abbey school. He enrolled

Fa-hsiang

2005-04-03T22:19:00.000-07:00

School of Chinese Buddhism derived from the Indian Yogacara school. See Yogacara.

Kabarega Falls

2005-04-02T14:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kabalega, also called Murchison Falls, waterfall on the lower Victoria Nile River in northwestern Uganda, 20 miles (32 km) east of Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile passes through many miles of rapids before narrowing to a width of about 20 feet (6 m) and dropping about 400 feet (120 m) in a series of three cascades. The initial fall of 130 feet (40 m) is generally recognized as Kabarega (Murchison) Falls. The cataract forms the central feature

Welded Tuff

2005-04-02T01:51:00.000-08:00

Rock composed of compacted volcanic ejecta (see tuff).

Dzungar

2005-04-01T19:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Jungar, Jüüngar, Dzhungar, or Dsongar, people of Central Asia, so called because they formed the left wing (dson, “left”; gar, “hand”) of the Mongol army. A western Mongol people whose home was the Ili River valley and Chinese Turkistan, they adopted Buddhism in the 17th century. They are for all practical purposes identical with the Oyrat (q.v.).

Circassian

2005-04-01T01:18:00.000-08:00

From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires. The early history of the Circassian peoples is fairly obscure. Though no Greek

Stabiae

2005-03-31T14:19:00.000-08:00

The town was originally settled by Oscan-speaking people, the native inhabitants of Campania. It entered the Social War (the “war of the allies” against Rome) in 90 BC and was destroyed

Hyderabad

2005-03-29T23:26:00.000-08:00

The city, administrative headquarters of the district, lies on the most northerly hill of the Ganjo Takkar ridge, just east of the Indus River. The third largest city in Pakistan, it is a communications centre, connected by rail with Peshawar and Karachi and with Indian railways via the border towns of Khokhropar and

Fish Processing, Vitamins and minerals

2005-03-29T18:58:00.000-08:00

Fish provide a number of important vitamins and minerals to the diet. They are a good source of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine. The mineral content includes calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron.

Furniture, Clocks

2005-03-29T00:51:00.000-08:00

Clocks are considered furnishings if the movement is enclosed within a case, which need not necessarily be of wood. Clocks can be divided into table clocks and long-case clocks. There were two creative centres for table clocks, namely England and France. In 17th- and 18th-century France, the table clock became an object of monumental design, the best examples of which are

Annelid, Behaviour and associations.

2005-03-28T08:02:00.000-08:00

Various polychaetes (for example, Syllis, Chaetopterus, Cirratulus, Terebella) are bioluminescent—that is, capable of producing light. The phenomenon occurs within the cells of Polynoe; the lower surfaces of some scale worms (Halosydna) have special photocells that produce light when stimulated. Odontosyllis light production is related to sexual maturity and

Murcia

2005-03-27T05:35:00.000-08:00

Castile annexed the kingdom of Murcia in 1243, thereby securing access to the Mediterranean and challenging the southern expansion of the crown of Aragon.

Waimakariri River

2005-03-26T18:29:00.000-08:00

River in east-central South Island, New Zealand. It rises in the Southern Alps and flows 100 miles (160 km) southeast to Pegasus Bay of the Pacific Ocean, 8 miles (13 km) north of Christchurch. Fed by its principal tributaries—the Bealey, Poulter, and Esk—the river drains a basin of about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km). The delta formed at its mouth constitutes a major portion of Banks Peninsula

Fuchs, Ruth

2005-03-26T10:29:00.000-08:00

In 1972, just 35 minutes after Polish athlete Ewa Gryziecka had set a record for the women's javelin throw, Fuchs threw the javelin more than 2.3 m (7 feet 6 inches) farther, a total of 65.06 m (213 feet 5 1/2 inches), her first world record. She went on to set a

Murcia

2005-03-25T09:37:00.000-08:00

Any member of the mammalian order made up of the relatively well-known rabbits and hares (family Leporidae) and also the less frequently encountered pikas (family Ochotonidae). Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail, and strong hind limbs that provide a bounding locomotion. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external

Bahrain

2005-03-24T00:45:00.000-08:00

Bahrain has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and several thousand burial mounds in the northern part of the main island probably date from the Sumerian period of the 3rd millennium BC. It was the seat of ancient

Jehoram

2005-03-23T23:26:00.000-08:00

Jehoram, the son of Ahab and Jezebel and king (c. 849–c. 842 BC) of Israel, maintained close relations with Judah. Together with Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, Jehoram unsuccessfully attempted to subdue a revolt of Moab against Israel. As had his father, Jehoram later endeavoured to recover Ramoth-gilead from Hazael, king of Damascus. In this

Bridges, Harry

2005-03-23T19:20:00.000-08:00

Bridges left home to become a maritime seaman at the age of 16 and in 1920 legally entered the United States, where he worked as a seaman and dockworker

Olmsted, Frederick Law

2005-03-23T11:36:00.000-08:00

At the age of 14, sumac poisoning seriously affected Olmsted's eyesight and limited his education. As an apprentice topographic engineer for a brief period, he received the fundamental skills

Conté, Nicolas-jacques

2005-03-22T05:51:00.000-08:00

At 14 he took up portrait painting, from which he derived a considerable income. Passionately interested in mechanical arts and science, he began displaying his inventive faculty during the French Revolution. With the supply

Moloch

2005-03-22T05:44:00.000-08:00

The laws given to Moses by God expressly forbade the Jews to do what was done in Egypt or

Eitner, Robert

2005-03-22T00:02:00.000-08:00

In 1868 Eitner founded the Gesellschaft

Baracoa

2005-03-21T11:56:00.000-08:00

In December 1492 Christopher Columbus stopped at what is now

Development

2005-03-20T20:44:00.000-08:00

The simplest form of development is a change (usually an increase) in size of an organ system or structure; simple growth, however, seldom occurs without accompanying chemical

Gabon, Transportation

2005-03-19T19:14:00.000-08:00

The difficulty of building and maintaining all-weather roads led to an expansion of air transport

Belcher, Sir Edward

2005-03-19T07:24:00.000-08:00

The grandson of a governor of Nova Scotia, Belcher entered the navy in 1812. After serving as a surveyor with an expedition to the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Strait in 1825, he commanded a surveying ship along the north and west coasts of Africa (1830–33). He

Naqshbandiyah

2005-03-19T01:48:00.000-08:00

Orthodox fraternity of Muslim mystics (Sufis) found in India, China, the Central Asian republics, and Malaysia. It claims a lineage extending back to Abu Bakr, the first caliph. Baha' ad-Din (d. 1384), founder of the order at Bukhara, Turkistan, was called an-naqshband, “the painter,” because of the impression of God that the repetition of his prescribed ritual prayer (dhikr) should leave upon

Jerusalem, Siegfried

2005-03-18T22:25:00.000-08:00

Siegfried Jerusalem's name and voice were both well suited to a Wagnerian heldentenor. Strong, clear, and expressive, with a slight vibrato to give it richness, his voice was, Jerusalem believed, perfect for the role of Siegmund in Die Walküre. He also was praised for his effortless phrasing and seductive tone. In addition, Jerusalem had the good looks and athletic build

Ecosystem

2005-03-17T07:59:00.000-08:00

The principles underlying the study of ecosystems are based on the view that all the elements of a life-supporting environment of any size, whether natural or man-made, are parts of an integral network in which each element interacts directly

Hawkesbury River

2005-03-17T04:58:00.000-08:00

River rising in the Great Dividing Range north of Lake George, New South Wales, Australia, and flowing 293 miles (472 km) north and east to the Tasman Sea at Broken Bay. It drains an area of about 8,390 square miles (21,730 square km). Known as the Wollondilly in its rugged upper course and as the Warragamba after receiving the Nattai and, later, the Nepean rivers, it becomes the Hawkesbury after

Black Death

2005-03-17T01:57:00.000-08:00

Originating in China and Inner Asia, the plague was transmitted to Europeans (1347) when a Kipchak army, besieging a Genoese trading post in the Crimea, catapulted

Scythian Art

2005-03-16T09:45:00.000-08:00

Also called Steppes art decorative objects, mainly jewelry and trappings for horse, tent, and wagon, produced by nomadic tribes that roamed Central Asia from slightly east of the Altai Mountains in Inner Mongolia to European Russia. What little is known of these tribes, called Scyths, or Sacae, in the classical sources, indicates that they established control of the plain north of the Black

Dacite

2005-03-16T02:13:00.000-08:00

Volcanic rock that may be considered a quartz-bearing variety of andesite. Dacite is primarily associated with andesite and trachyte and forms lava flows, dikes, and sometimes massive intrusions in the centres of old volcanoes. Like andesite, dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, augite, or enstatite and generally has a porphyritic

Ba'al Shem Tov

2005-03-15T04:02:00.000-08:00

During his lifetime, the Besht brought about a great social and religious upheaval and permanently altered many traditional values. In an atmosphere marked by joy, new rituals, and ecstasy, he created a new religious climate in small houses of prayer outside the synagogues. The changes that had occurred were further emphasized by the wearing of distinctive garb

Argentina, Immigration and ethnicity

2005-03-14T09:05:00.000-08:00

Heavy immigration, particularly from Spain and Italy, has produced in Argentina a people who are almost all of European ancestry. In the colonial period, though, the Spanish explorers and settlers encountered a number of native peoples. Among these were the Diaguita tribes of the Andean Northwest, a town-dwelling, agricultural people who were forced into labour

Greece, The arts

2005-03-14T08:21:00.000-08:00

Against the background of this extraordinary artistic heritage, Greece enjoys a thriving cultural life. It is in the field of literature that Greece has made its greatest contributions. Constantine Cavafy (1863–1933), who lived most of his life in Alexandria, Egypt, is frequently ranked among the great poets of the early 20th century. His poetry is suffused with an ironic nostalgia

Reisner, George Andrew

2005-03-13T16:52:00.000-08:00

Reisner served with an international group of experts in classifying the great Egyptology collection of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Chekhov, Anton (pavlovich)

2005-03-13T03:22:00.000-08:00

Major Russian playwright and master of the modern short story. He was a literary artist of laconic precision who probed below the surface of life, laying bare the secret motives of his characters. Chekhov's best plays and short stories lack complex plots and neat solutions. Concentrating on apparent trivialities,

Tunisia, Settlement patterns

2005-03-12T13:44:00.000-08:00

Tunisia is divided into four natural and demographic regions: the north, which is relatively fertile and well watered; the semiarid central region; As-Sahil (the Sahel) in the east-central coastal region, which is preeminently olive-growing country; and the desert south, where, except in the oases, all vegetation disappears. In the central and southern regions, there are

Huygens, Christiaan

2005-03-12T09:46:00.000-08:00

Huygens was from a wealthy and distinguished middle-class family. His father, Constantijn Huygens,

Ma Yuan

2005-03-12T01:46:00.000-08:00

Ma was born into a family of court painters: his great grandfather, Ma Fen, had been daizhao (i.e., painter in attendance) at the Northern Song court about 1119–25; both his grandfather Ma Xingzu and his father, Ma Shirong, held the same rank at the Southern Song court in the middle decades of the 12th century. Ma Yuan began his career under the emperor Xiaozong, became daizhao under Emperor

Valdepeñas

2005-03-11T20:22:00.000-08:00

City, Ciudad Real province, in the autonomous community (region) of Castile-La Mancha, south central Spain. The city lies on the left bank of the Río Jabalón, southeast of the city of Ciudad Real. Situated in a fertile area of La Mancha plain, it is the centre of a grape-growing district, the wines of which are among the most popular in Spain. Related industries are vinegar making,

Floral Decoration

2005-03-10T21:16:00.000-08:00

Cut plant materials, especially flowers, need special care and treatment before they are placed in vases. Ideally, flowers are picked some hours before they are arranged and never in the heat of the day. Generally, the bottoms of the stems are cut on a slant, placed in deep tepid water, and kept in a cool place, preferably overnight. Different materials have different conditioning

Indian Philosophy, Metaphysics and epistemology

2005-03-09T20:57:00.000-08:00

Both the Bhatta (the name for Kumarila's school) and the Prabhakara schools, in their metaphysics, were realists; both undertook to refute Buddhist idealism and nihilism. The Bhatta ontology recognized five types of entities: substance (dravya), quality (guna), action (karma), universals (samanya), and negation (abhava). Of these, substance was held to be of ten kinds: the nine substances recognized

Outremeuse, Jean D'

2005-03-09T14:50:00.000-08:00

D'Outremeuse was no accurate

Arabesque

2005-03-09T05:34:00.000-08:00

In literature, a contrived intricate pattern of verbal expression, so called by analogy with a decorative style in which flower, fruit, and sometimes animal outlines appear in elaborate patterns of interlaced lines. That these designs can sometimes suggest fantastic creatures may have given rise to another sense of the term, denoting a tale of wonder or of the supernatural.

Taravana Syndrome

2005-03-08T10:10:00.000-08:00

Form of decompression sickness that is most frequently seen in pearl divers in Japan and the Polynesian islands. These skin divers acquire their pearls by making breath-holding dives down to depths as great as 165 feet (about 50 m). During a day's work, they may make 60 to 100 dives in succession, with intervals of only a few seconds to two minutes between dives. The major symptoms of

Sunspot

2005-03-08T01:56:00.000-08:00

Vortex of gas on the surface of the Sun associated with strong local magnetic activity. Spots look dark only by contrast with the surrounding photosphere, which is several thousand degrees hotter. The dark centre of a spot is called the umbra; the outer, lighter ring, the penumbra. Spots may be several times larger than the Earth or so small that telescopic observation

Biblical Literature, The Book of Enoch

2005-03-07T23:45:00.000-08:00

Another book that was written during the period of the apocalyptic movement in which the Dead Sea sect came into existence is the Book of Enoch, or I Enoch. It was completely preserved in an Ethiopic translation from Greek, and large parts from the beginning and end of the Greek version have been published from two papyri. Aramaic fragments of many parts of the book

Oberon

2005-03-07T02:09:00.000-08:00

French Alberon, German Alberich, king of the elves, or of the “faerie,” in the French medieval poem Huon de Bordeaux. In this poem Oberon is a dwarf-king, living in the woodland, who by magic powers helps the hero to accomplish a seemingly impossible task. In the legendary history of the Merovingian dynasty Oberon is a magician, the brother of Merowech (Mérovée). In the medieval German epic the Nibelungenlied

Ghetto

2005-03-06T10:31:00.000-08:00

Formerly a street, or quarter, of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence area for Jews. One of the earliest forced segregations of Jews was in Muslim Morocco when, in 1280, they were transferred to segregated quarters called millahs. In some Muslim countries, rigid ghetto systems were enforced with restrictions on the sizes of houses and doors. Forced segregation

'abd Al-rahman Iii

2005-03-05T09:51:00.000-08:00

Accounts of 'Abd ar-Rahman's reign may be found in W. Montgomery Watt, A History of Islamic Spain (1965, reissued 1977); and Stanley Lane-Poole, The Story of the Moors in Spain (1886, reprinted as The Moors in Spain, 1967).

R.j. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings

2005-03-05T05:39:00.000-08:00

American manufacturer of tobacco products. The origins of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company date to the post-Civil War era, when Richard Joshua Reynolds (1850–1918) began trading in tobacco, first in his native Virginia and then in Winston, North Carolina, where in 1875 he established his first plug factory. In 1899 the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was incorporated, with Reynolds as president.

Adams, Charles Francis

2005-03-05T00:09:00.000-08:00

Adams was the son of the lawyer and historian Charles Francis Adams (1835–1915), as well as great-grandson of the sixth U.S. president and great-great-grandson of the second.

Saye And Sele, William Fiennes, 1st Viscount, 8th Lord Saye And Sele

2005-03-04T23:09:00.000-08:00

The only son of Richard Fiennes, 7th Lord Saye and Sele, he was educated at New College, Oxford, and succeeded to his father's lordship (barony) in 1613. He opposed

Williams, Betty

2005-03-04T14:10:00.000-08:00

Williams, an office worker and wife and mother, took little part in public life until August 1976, when she witnessed an incident that moved her to speak out. An Irish Republican Army terrorist was shot by British

Gryphius, Andreas

2005-03-04T10:04:00.000-08:00

Gryphius (the family name Greif was latinized after the fashion of the times) was orphaned early in life, and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War soon cast a shadow over his unsettled childhood. A refugee from his native town, he was educated in various

Crichton, Charles Ainslie

2005-03-02T14:02:00.000-08:00

British film director who achieved near-legendary status with a series of classic comedies he made for Ealing Studios in the 1940s and '50s, notably Hue and Cry (1947), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), and The Titfield Thunderbolt (1953); by the 1960s he had retreated to directing for television, but he made a triumphant big-screen comeback—and garnered an Academy Award nomination—for A Fish Called

Robber Crab

2005-03-01T22:25:00.000-08:00

The crab uses two large chelae, or pincers, to pound or chip open coconuts—the soft, white

Anthelmintic

2005-03-01T18:47:00.000-08:00

Most of the anthelmintics

Karakum Desert, Climate

2005-02-28T04:08:00.000-08:00

The climate of the Turkmen Karakum is continental, with long, hot, dry summers and unpredictable but relatively warm winters. The average temperature in July in the north and along the shore of the Caspian Sea ranges from 79 to 82 °F (26 to 28 °C), and in the central part of the Central Karakum from 86 to 93 °F (30 to 34 °C). In January, average temperatures are 25 °F (-4 °C) in the north and 39 °F (4 °C) in the south, but temperatures

Afghanistan, Habibollah Khan (190119)

2005-02-27T14:29:00.000-08:00

Habibollah Khan visited British

Anselm Of Canterbury, Saint

2005-02-27T11:29:00.000-08:00

Founder of Scholasticism, a philosophical school of thought that dominated the Middle Ages; he was recognized in modern times as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God (based on the idea of an absolutely perfect being, the fact of the idea being in itself

Affections, Doctrine Of The

2005-02-26T16:31:00.000-08:00

Also called Doctrine Of Affects, German Affektenlehre, theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. At the centre of the doctrine was the belief that, by making use of the proper standard musical procedure or device, the composer could create a piece of music capable

Animal Disease

2005-02-26T15:16:00.000-08:00

Concern with diseases that afflict animals dates from the earliest human contacts with animals and is reflected in early views of religion and magic. Diseases of animals remain a concern principally because of the economic losses they cause and the possible transmission

Chronology

2005-02-25T07:41:00.000-08:00

Chinese legendary history can be traced back to 2697 BC, the first year of Huang Ti (Chinese: Yellow Emperor), who was followed by many successors and by the three dynasties, the Hsia, the Shang, and the Chou. Recent archaeological findings, however, have established an authentic chronology beginning with the Shang dynasty, though the exact date of its end remains a controversial

France, History Of, Charles VII

2005-02-24T14:48:00.000-08:00

Charles VI's son, Charles VII (ruled 1422–61), for his part, did not fail to claim his inheritance, though he had no proper coronation. Residing at Bourges, which his adversaries pretended was the extent of his realm, he in fact retained the fidelity of the greater part of France, including Berry, Poitou, Lyonnais, Auvergne, and Languedoc. For a time the Valois cause suffered from the

Hettangian Stage

2005-02-24T05:43:00.000-08:00

The name Hettangian

Historiography, German historiography

2005-02-23T15:53:00.000-08:00

Such a quality was, by and large, lacking in the work of the historians of the Enlightenment, who had been unable to achieve imaginative insight into civilizations very different from their own. The greatest shortcoming of Gibbon was his temperamental inability to appreciate religion. The new historiography of the 19th century was created chiefly by Germans, who,

Mercer, Joseph

2005-02-22T21:27:00.000-08:00

Mercer overcame spindly legs and bad knees to become an outstanding left-half with Everton (1931–46), the champions of Britain's Football League in 1939. That year he was selected to play for England, and while in the Army

Altoona

2005-02-22T05:25:00.000-08:00

City, Blair county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It is situated on the eastern slopes of the Allegheny Front, a segment of the Allegheny Mountains that separates the Atlantic from the Mississippi valley watersheds. The city lies 45 miles (72 km) by road northeast of Johnstown. It was founded in 1849 by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as a base for building railroads over the Alleghenies.

Chacma

2005-02-21T07:35:00.000-08:00

Species of baboon (q.v.).

Axminster

2005-02-20T23:33:00.000-08:00

Town (“parish”), East Devon district, administrative and historic county of Devon, England, on the River Axe. Founded about 705 at the intersection of two Roman roads, Portway and Fosse Way, it was one of the earliest Saxon settlements in Devon. Carpet making, for which it is famous, was established there in 1755 and is continued in a modern factory. The typical Axminster carpet has

Nile River

2005-02-19T13:56:00.000-08:00

Almost no area within the Nile basin experiences a true equatorial or a true Mediterranean type of climate. While the Nile basin in The Sudan and Egypt is rainless during the northern winter, its southern parts and the highlands of Ethiopia experience heavy rain—more than 60 inches (1,520 millimetres)—during the northern summer. Most of the region falls under the influence

Sedimentary Rock, Origin of ironstones

2005-02-19T05:08:00.000-08:00

The origin of ironstones also is not well understood, but most appear to be derived from the erosion and redeposition of lateritic (iron-rich, red) soils. Ironstones occur as thin (a few tens of metres at most) units interbedded with shallow marine and transitional carbonates, mudrocks, and sandstones. They generally have an oölitic texture. Cross-bedding, ripple marks,

Quadratus, Saint

2005-02-18T10:44:00.000-08:00

With only a fragment of his Apology for Christianity still extant, preserved in the Ecclesiastical History of the 4th-century scholar Eusebius of Caesarea, Quadratus has not been clearly identified. Addressed from Asia Minor to the Roman emperor Hadrian during a persecution either in 124 or 129, the

Taranto

2005-02-18T10:22:00.000-08:00

Santa Croce

2005-02-17T04:21:00.000-08:00

Church of the Franciscans in Florence, one of the finest examples of Italian Gothic architecture. It was begun in 1294, possibly designed by Arnolfo di Cambio, and was finished in 1442, with the exception of the 19th-century Gothic Revival facade and campanile. On many of the interior walls are masterpieces of Tuscan Gothic or proto-Renaissance painting: the Bardi and Peruzzi

Marga

2005-02-16T19:17:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “path”), in Hinduism, the path, or way, of reaching salvation. In Hindu tradition three means are enumerated: jñana-marga, the way of knowledge, involving the study of philosophic texts and contemplation; karma-marga, the way of action, the proper performance of one's religious and ethical duties; and bhakti-marga, the way of devotion and self-surrender to God. (The three

Utica

2005-02-16T16:43:00.000-08:00

Modern Utique traditionally the oldest Phoenician settlement on the coast of North Africa. It is located near the mouth of the Majardah (French Medjerda, ancient Bagradas) River in modern Tunisia. After its founding in the 8th or 7th century BC, Utica grew rapidly and was second only to Carthage among Phoenician settlements in Africa. In the Third Punic War (149–146 BC), Utica sided with Rome against

Francia

2005-02-14T18:28:00.000-08:00

Original name Francesco Di Marco Di Giacomo Raibolini Italian Renaissance artist and the major Bolognese painter of the late 15th century. He was much influenced by such Ferrarese painters as Lorenzo Costa, Francesco del Cossa, and Ercole de' Roberti, but his later works clearly show the influence of the Umbrians, Perugino, and Raphael. Francia's mature style is seen in such works as his “Assumption

Heidelberg Jaw

2005-02-14T06:58:00.000-08:00

Also called Mauer Jaw, enigmatic human mandible, thought to be nearly 400,000 years old, found in 1907 in the great sand pit at Mauer, southeast of Heidelberg, Ger. Elephant and rhinoceros remains found in association indicate a warm climate; the jaw has been assigned to an early interstadial of the middle Pleistocene. The chinless mandible is massive and apelike, with ascending branches almost as broad

Altria Group

2005-02-13T17:16:00.000-08:00

The ancestor of the present company was incorporated in 1919 as Philip Morris & Company, Ltd. Inc., acquiring the assets

Olympic Mountains

2005-02-12T17:07:00.000-08:00

Segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America. They extend across the Olympic Peninsula south of the Juan de Fuca Strait and west of Puget Sound in northwestern Washington, U.S. The mountains began to form about 35 million years ago when the Juan de Fuca Plate collided with and was forced under (subducted) the North American Plate, scraping off vast quantities

Wolf Herring

2005-02-12T02:36:00.000-08:00

(Chirocentrus dorab), species of fish belonging to the family Chirocentridae (order Clupeiformes). It is exclusively marine in habitat, occurring in the Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific to Japan and eastern Australia. In contrast to other herrings, which feed on plankton, wolf herrings are carnivorous, attacking and eating other fish. Their jaws are equipped

Widener, George D.

2005-02-11T02:58:00.000-08:00

Scion of a wealthy Philadelphia family, Widener was educated privately and at the deLancey School in Philadelphia. He managed the family's affairs and became a director of the Electric Storage Battery Company and of the Provident National Bank,

God, Church Of

2005-02-10T18:53:00.000-08:00

Any of several Pentecostal churches that developed in the U.S. South from the late 19th- and early 20th-century Latter Rain revival, based on a belief that a second rain of the gifts of the Holy Spirit would occur similar to that of the first Christian Pentecost. They adhere to an ultraconservative theology, by which they regard the state of holiness as a work of grace subsequent

Cramp

2005-02-09T21:03:00.000-08:00

Painful, involuntary, and sustained contraction of muscle, most common in the limbs but also affecting certain internal organs. Examples of cramping include menstrual cramps and spasms of the circular muscles of the bowel (irritable colon), blood vessels (vasospasm), and pylorus of the stomach (pylorospasm; the pylorus is the opening from the stomach to the

Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal

2005-02-08T04:37:00.000-08:00

On Jan. 20, 2001, after angry protesters had driven Philippines Pres. Joseph Estrada from the presidential residence, Malacañang Palace, in Manila, the country's vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, assumed power. The demonstrations had been sparked by the Senate's halting of Estrada's impeachment trial on corruption charges. The armed forces withdrew support from Estrada;

Arriaga, Juan Crisóstomo

2005-02-08T02:22:00.000-08:00

In full Juan Crisóstomo Jacobo Antonio Arriaga y Balzola Spanish violinist and composer of extraordinary precocity whose potential was cut short by his early death. Stylistically, his music stands between the Classical tradition of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the Romanticism of Gioacchino Rossini and Franz Schubert; it shows abundant invention, freshness,

Maundy Thursday

2005-02-07T21:03:00.000-08:00

Also called Holy Thursday the Thursday before Easter, observed in commemoration of Jesus Christ's institution of the Eucharist. The name is taken from an anthem sung in Roman Catholic churches on that day: “Mandatum novum do vobis” (“a new commandment I give to you”; John 13:34). In the early Christian church the day was celebrated with a general communion of clergy and people. At a special mass the bishop

Halicarnassus

2005-02-06T22:41:00.000-08:00

Ancient Greek city of Caria, situated on the Gulf of Cerameicus. According to tradition, it was founded by Dorian Troezen in the Peloponnese. Herodotus, a Halicarnassian, relates that in early times the city participated in the Dorian festival of Apollo at Triopion, but its literature and culture appear thoroughly Ionic. The city, with its large sheltered harbour

Argentina, The Northwest

2005-02-06T10:57:00.000-08:00

This part of the Andes region includes the northern half of the main mountain mass in Argentina and the transitional terrain, or piedmont, merging with the eastern lowlands. The region's southern border is the upper Colorado River. Within the region, the Andean system of north-south-trending mountain ranges varies in elevation from 16,000 to 22,000 feet (4,900 to 6,700 metres) and is interrupted

Earth Sciences, Crystallography and the classification of minerals and rocks

2005-02-05T19:20:00.000-08:00

The French scientist René-Just Häuy, whose treatises on mineralogy and crystallography appeared in 1801 and 1822, respectively, has been credited with advancing mineralogy to the status of a science and with establishing the science of crystallography. From his studies of the geometric relationships between planes of cleavage, he concluded that the ultimate particles

Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron

2005-02-04T22:28:00.000-08:00

Strutt suffered from poor health

Visigothic Art

2005-02-04T21:44:00.000-08:00

Artistic style produced in southern France and Spain under the Visigoths, who ruled the region between the 5th and the 8th century AD. The style is largely the result of local Roman traditions combined with Byzantine influences. The effect of Germanic metalworking techniques is also seen in the decorative arts, but the ornamentation of these pieces, most notably a collection

Togo, Transportation

2005-02-03T20:06:00.000-08:00

The government-owned national railway consists of four lines, all of which emanate from Lomé. One line connects Kpalimé with the capital; other lines run to Ané

Côte D'ivoire, Flag Of

2005-02-02T06:41:00.000-08:00

In the mid-20th century Félix Houphouët-Boigny, an African from the French colony then known as Ivory Coast, served many years as a member of the National Assembly and then of the governing cabinet of France before becoming president of his homeland. He had great admiration for the achievements of French culture, and his country maintained close relations with France.

CertainNerve

Cincinnati, Society Of The

Andrea Da Barberino

Stifter, Adalbert

Fa-hsiang

Kabarega Falls

Welded Tuff

Dzungar

Circassian

Stabiae

Hyderabad

Fish Processing, Vitamins and minerals

Furniture, Clocks

Annelid, Behaviour and associations.

Murcia

Waimakariri River

Fuchs, Ruth

Murcia

Bahrain

Jehoram

Bridges, Harry

Olmsted, Frederick Law

Conté, Nicolas-jacques

Moloch

Eitner, Robert

Baracoa

Development

Gabon, Transportation

Belcher, Sir Edward

Naqshbandiyah

Jerusalem, Siegfried

Ecosystem

Hawkesbury River

Black Death

Scythian Art

Dacite

Ba'al Shem Tov

Argentina, Immigration and ethnicity

Greece, The arts

Reisner, George Andrew

Chekhov, Anton (pavlovich)

Tunisia, Settlement patterns

Huygens, Christiaan

Ma Yuan

Valdepeñas

Floral Decoration

Indian Philosophy, Metaphysics and epistemology

Outremeuse, Jean D'

Arabesque

Taravana Syndrome

Sunspot

Biblical Literature, The Book of Enoch

Oberon

Ghetto

'abd Al-rahman Iii

R.j. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings

Adams, Charles Francis

Saye And Sele, William Fiennes, 1st Viscount, 8th Lord Saye And Sele

Williams, Betty

Gryphius, Andreas

Crichton, Charles Ainslie

Robber Crab

Anthelmintic

Karakum Desert, Climate

Afghanistan, Habibollah Khan (190119)

Anselm Of Canterbury, Saint

Affections, Doctrine Of The

Animal Disease

Chronology

France, History Of, Charles VII

Hettangian Stage

Historiography, German historiography

Mercer, Joseph

Altoona

Chacma

Axminster

Nile River

Sedimentary Rock, Origin of ironstones

Quadratus, Saint

Taranto

Afghanistan, Habibollah Khan (190119)